|
Previous article 
Next article |
|
|
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2013 | Volume
: 7
| Issue : 4 | Page : 373-377
Paravertebral block can attenuate cytokine response when it replaces general anesthesia for cancer breast surgeries
Sherif S Sultan
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Correspondence Address:
Sherif S Sultan
24, Muhammad Al-Maqreef St. Nasr City, Cairo
Egypt
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1658-354X.121043
| Date of Web Publication | 7-Nov-2013 |
|
|
Context: Cytokine release is a well-known response to surgery especially when it is linked to cancer. Paravertebral block (PVB) is the suitable regional anesthesia for breast surgery. Aim: We tested the effect of replacing general anesthesia (GA) with PVB on cytokine response during and after surgeries for cancer breast. Settings and Design: Controlled randomized study. Methods: Forty cancer breast patients were divided in two groups; Group I received PVB and Group II received GA during performance of unilateral breast surgery without axillary clearance. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were measured and IL-10/IFN-γ were estimated in the following points; before starting PVB in Group I or induction of GA in Group II (Sample A), before skin incision (Sample B), at the end of procedure before shifting out of operating room (Sample C), 4-h post-operatively (Sample D) and 24-h post-operatively (Sample E). Statistical Analysis: unpaired Student t-test. Results: IL-6 increased progressively in both groups with statistically significant lower levels in samples C and D in Group I. IL-10 levels showed progressive increasing in both groups without differences between groups. IL-12 showed progressive decrease in both groups with statistically significant higher levels in samples C and D in Group I. IFN-levels showed significantly higher levels in samples C and D in Group I. IL-10/IFN-γ ratio was significantly lower in Group II in samples C and D. Conclusion: Replacing GA with PVB can attenuate cytokines response to cancer breast surgeries. Keywords: Cancer breast, interleukins, paravertebral block
How to cite this article:
Sultan SS. Paravertebral block can attenuate cytokine response when it replaces general anesthesia for cancer breast surgeries. Saudi J Anaesth 2013;7:373-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Sultan SS. Paravertebral block can attenuate cytokine response when it replaces general anesthesia for cancer breast surgeries. Saudi J Anaesth [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Mar 29];7:373-7. Available from: https://www.saudija.org/text.asp?2013/7/4/373/121043 |
| Introduction | |  |
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in US women. It is considered as the second leading cause of death from cancer in US women. [1] Many modalities are used in treatment of cancer breast including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical intervention. Surgery for management of cancer breast has many advantages although it has its neuro-endocrine, metabolic and cytokine responses that will affect the immune system according to their magnitude. [2] Type of anesthesia used during these surgeries may augment these responses. [3]
General anesthesia (GA) is by far the most common utility used for breast surgeries. Regional anesthesia has the advantage of preventing noxious stimuli from reaching the central nervous system and therefore can attenuate the surgical stress response. [4] Thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) proved efficacy as a lone anesthesia regimen for breast surgery. [4],[5],[6],[7]
Proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1), (IL-2), (IL-6), (IL-7) and (IL-12)) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., (IL-4) and (IL-10)) have a crucial role in immune defense. Cytokines are a category of signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis. Cytokines generally function as intercellular messenger molecules that evoke particular biological activities after binding to a receptor on a responsive target cell. Their release is largely affected by a wide variety of physiological and pathological entities. [8] The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PVB on cytokine response to surgical interventions of cancer breast when compared with GA.
| Methods | | |
This Controlled randomized study was done after obtaining approval of Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University. The study enrolled 40 female patients, ASA physical status I or II with cancer breast scheduled for unilateral breast surgery without axillary clearance. Written consents were obtained from all patients. Exclusion criteria included age below 18 years old, obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 35), pregnancy, lactation, known allergy to bupivacaine or any contraindication to PVB (history of bleeding disorder, kyphoscoliosis or herpes zoster). Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group I received PVB and Group II worked as a control group and received GA.
Patients in Group I were sedated during performance of PVB with midazolam 0.03-0.06 mg/kg and fentanyl 1-2 mcg/kg. During the surgical procedure, propofol infusion was used in a dose of 25-75 mcg/kg/min. PVB was performed with the patient in lateral position (surgical side facing upward). Spinous processes of T3 to T6 were identified. A mark was taken corresponding to 2.5 cm lateral to them. These points were infiltrated with lidocaine 1%. In each of these points, a tuohy needle was inserted perpendicular to the skin. On touching the corresponding transverse process, the needle was withdrawn and redirected to reach a depth of 4 cm as a maximum. A loss of resistance to saline was usually encountered at this depth. At that point, a 5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected. This was repeated with the four chosen points. Sensory loss was tested 30 min later and surgery started after which. If sensory loss was not satisfactory the patient was given GA and excluded from the study. Verbal contact was kept with all patients and standard monitors were applied to all patients.
Patients in Group II received no sedation. Induction of anesthesia was done by 1 mcg/kg fentanyl, 2-3 mg/kg propofol and 0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium. Anesthesia was maintained with 1-2% sevoflurane in 50% N 2 O in O 2 and incremental doses of fentanyl (to a maximum of 4 mcg/kg) and cisatracurium.
Blood samples were withdrawn in 5 times; before starting PVB in Group I or induction of GA in Group II (Sample A), before skin incision (Sample B), at the end of procedure before shifting out of operating room (Sample C), 4-h post-operatively (Sample D) and 24-h post-operatively (Sample E). Samples were collected as 10 ml sample in heparinized syringes before getting centrifuged and stored at 4°C until assayed. The following cytokines were measured; (IL-6), (IL-10), (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-?). The analytic methods utilized enzyme?linked immunosorbent assays strictly as described by the manufacturer?s instructions?(Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA). Both the nurse responsible for samples collection and the laboratory staff responsible for samples procession were blinded to which group the patient were belonging to.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS windows version 15 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL., USA). Data comparing results in two groups were compared with unpaired Student γ). The analytic methods utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays strictly as described by the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA). Both the nurse responsible for samples collection and the laboratory staff responsible for samples procession were blinded to which group the patient were belonging to.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS windows version 15 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL., USA). Data comparing results in two groups were compared with unpaired Student t-test. A value of P>0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
| Results | | |
No significant differences were detected between the two groups concerning age, weight, height, BMI and duration of surgery [Table 1].
Changes in cytokines levels are listed in [Table 2]. IL-6 increased progressively in both groups. There were statistically significant lower levels of IL-6 in samples C and D in Group I when compared with Group II. IL-10 levels showed a progressive increase in both groups without differences between groups. IL-12 showed progressive decrease in both groups. There were statistically significant higher levels of IL-12 in samples C and D in Group I compared with Group II. IFN-γ levels showed significantly higher levels in samples C and D in Group I when compared with Group II. IL-10/IFN-γ ratio was significantly lower in Group II in samples C and D when compared with Group I. | Table 2: Plasma concentration of measured cytokines in the two groups in pg/ml
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
PVB has been studied as an alternative to GA during breast surgery. Results of most of the studies showed that PVB is capable of inducing lower post-operative pain, lower incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting and shorter hospital stay. [4],[5],[9],[10],[11] It has been proposed that by blocking pain pathways, PVB can reduce acute stress response caused by surgery. [4]
The overall response to stress in its different modalities (whether due to surgery, trauma or malignancy) is immunosuppressive. This action aims mainly to protect the human body, but in further advancement it would be harmful. Impairment of the immune system response is seen in many views post-operatively. These include post-operative higher rate of infection and depression of the bone marrow. [12]
Surgical trauma induces a decreased cell-mediated immunity. This is due to impaired natural killer cell response and T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocyte development, which may results in a preferential Th2 development. This is responsible for post-operative increase in plasma concentrations of Th2 cytokines. [13]
Cytokines have an important role in acute inflammatory and immune responses initiated by trauma, surgery, malignancy or infection. They have local and systemic effects aiming to limit tissue injury and spread of infection. They also provoke tissue healing and repair. [14] They can be used as biochemical markers reflecting the magnitude of stress accompanied the surgical manipulation. Higher levels of IL-6 were reported in open versus laparoscopic surgeries. [15] Knowing that higher levels of IL-6 are linked to a higher incidence of post-operative complications [16] indicates that some cytokines could serve as a marker for the outcome after stressful conditions.
IL-6 is primarily responsible for the hepatic response, resulting in the synthesis of acute phase proteins and C-reactive protein, activation of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and hematopoiesis. [17] IL-10 down-regulates the expression of Th1 cytokines. IL-10 is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ. It also displays a potent ability to suppress the antigen-presentation capacity of antigen presenting cells; however, it is also stimulatory toward certain T cells and mast cells and stimulates B cell maturation and antibody production. [18] IL-12 is known as a T cell-stimulating factor, which can stimulate the growth and function of T cells. It stimulates the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. IL-12 mediates enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of many cells. IL-12 also has anti-angiogenic activity (by increasing production of IFN-γ) and was tried as an anti-cancer drug. [19] IFN-γ is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control through its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. [20]
Perioperative immune response is affected by multiple factors including surgical and anesthetic plans taken during performance of the procedure. Many anesthetic techniques are used to decrease immune responses to surgeries. [11],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25] Regional anesthesia plays a major role in attenuating stress responses during surgeries [26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32] and may consequently affect the overall outcome of patients. PVB is the suitable regional anesthetic technique for breast surgery when performed in upper thoracic area. Retrospective analysis suggests that paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia for breast cancer surgery reduces the risk of recurrence or metastasis during the initial years of follow-up. [3]
Surgical stress is known to induce an increase in serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and a decrease in serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ. [32] The present study proved these results. Both groups showed changes of serum levels of these ILs in the same direction with higher degrees of changes in Group II that received GA and worked as a control group. The maximum ability of PVB in attenuation of these changes was in samples C and D. This reflects that the maximal effect of PVB was at the immediate post-operative period and up to 4 h later. In the present study, PVB was not extended to the post-operative period by the utilization of a catheter technique in the paravertebral space. This may explain insignificant differences between groups 24-h post-operatively.
Attenuation of changes in IFN-γ and IL-10 in samples C and D in Group I resulted in significantly higher IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio in this group when compared with Group II. The IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio is expected to decrease with stressful conditions. It has been described with whole body hyperthermia, [33] during aerobic exercise [34] and even during the psychological stress. [35],[36] It has been hypothesized that high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio is necessary for the control of infection. [37] Decrease in serum levels of IFN-γ is highly linked to infections especially viral. [38] Maintaining higher levels of IFN-γ perioperatively is an important goal especially in immunocompromised patients like cancer patients.
| Conclusion | | |
In conclusion, replacement of GA with PVB for surgeries of cancer breast is accompanied with an attenuation of cytokine response to surgery. Further studies still needed to study if this effect could be extended beyond immediate post-operative period by utilizing a catheter technique inside the paravertebral space.
| References | | |
| 1. | Jemal A, Center MM, DeSantis C, Ward EM. Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1893-907. 
|
| 2. | Buggy DJ, Smith G. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: Better outcome after major surgery? Growing evidence suggests so. BMJ 1999;319:530-1.
|
| 3. | Exadaktylos AK, Buggy DJ, Moriarty DC, Mascha E, Sessler DI. Can anesthetic technique for primary breast cancer surgery affect recurrence or metastasis? Anesthesiology 2006;105:660-4.
|
| 4. | Dabbagh A, Elyasi H. The role of paravertebral block in decreasing postoperative pain in elective breast surgeries. Med Sci Monit 2007;13:CR464-7.
|
| 5. | Schnabel A, Reichl SU, Kranke P, Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Zahn PK. Efficacy and safety of paravertebral blocks in breast surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 2010;105:842-52.
|
| 6. | Das S, Bhattacharya P, Mandal MC, Mukhopadhyay S, Basu SR, Mandol BK. Multiple-injection thoracic paravertebral block as an alternative to general anaesthesia for elective breast surgeries: A randomised controlled trial. Indian J Anaesth 2012;56:27-33.
[PUBMED]  |
| 7. | Ibarra MM, S-Carralero GC, Vicente GU, Cuartero del Pozo A, López Rincón R, Fajardo del Castillo MJ. Chronic postoperative pain after general anesthesia with or without a single-dose preincisional paravertebral nerve block in radical breast cancer surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2011;58:290-4.
|
| 8. | Toews GB. Cytokines and the lung. Eur Respir J Suppl 2001;34:3s-17.
|
| 9. | Karmakar MK. Thoracic paravertebral block. Anesthesiology 2001;95:771-80.
|
| 10. | O'Riain SC, Buggy DJ, Kerin MJ, Watson RW, Moriarty DC. Inhibition of the stress response to breast cancer surgery by regional anesthesia and analgesia does not affect vascular endothelial growth factor and prostaglandin E2. Anesth Analg 2005;100:244-9.
|
| 11. | Deegan CA, Murray D, Doran P, Moriarty DC, Sessler DI, Mascha E, et al. Anesthetic technique and the cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase response to primary breast cancer surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010;35:490-5.
|
| 12. | Helmy SA, Wahby MA, El-Nawaway M. The effect of anaesthesia and surgery on plasma cytokine production. Anaesthesia 1999;54:733-8.
|
| 13. | Sheeran P, Hall GM. Cytokines in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:201-19.
|
| 14. | Schulze-Tanzil G, Al-Sadi O, Wiegand E, Ertel W, Busch C, Kohl B, et al. The role of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in tendon healing and rupture: New insights. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21:337-51.
|
| 15. | Silveira FP, Nicoluzzi JE, Saucedo Júnior NS, Silveira F, Nicollelli GM, Maranhão BS. Evaluation of serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in patients undergoing laparoscopic versus conventional cholecystectomy. Rev Col Bras Cir 2012;39:33-40.
|
| 16. | Ertel W, Faist E, Nestle C, Hueltner L, Storck M, Schildberg FW. Kinetics of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 synthesis following major mechanical trauma. J Surg Res 1990;48:622-8.
|
| 17. | Hirano T, Taga T, Matsuda T, Hibi M, Suematsu S, Tang B, et al. Interleukin 6 and its receptor in the immune response and hematopoiesis. Int J Cell Cloning 1990;8 Suppl 1:155-66.
|
| 18. | D'Andrea A, Aste-Amezaga M, Valiante NM, Ma X, Kubin M, Trinchieri G. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits human lymphocyte interferon gamma-production by suppressing natural killer cell stimulatory factor/IL-12 synthesis in accessory cells. J Exp Med 1993;178:1041-8.
|
| 19. | Bielawska-Pohl A, Blesson S, Benlalam H, Trenado A, Opolon P, Bawa O, et al. The anti-angiogenic activity of IL-12 is increased in iNOS-/- mice and involves NK cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010;88:775-84.
|
| 20. | Pietras EM, Saha SK, Cheng G. The interferon response to bacterial and viral infections. J Endotoxin Res 2006;12:246-50.
|
| 21. | Faist E, Ertel W, Cohnert T, Huber P, Inthorn D, Heberer G. Immunoprotective effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition in patients with major surgical trauma. J Trauma 1990;30:8-17.
|
| 22. | Kehlet H. The surgical stress response: Should it be prevented? Can J Surg 1991;34:565-7.
|
| 23. | Lyons FM, Bew S, Sheeran P, Hall GM. Effects of clonidine on the pituitary hormonal response to pelvic surgery. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:134-7.
|
| 24. | Naito Y, Tamai S, Shingu K, Shindo K, Matsui T, Segawa H, et al. Responses of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and cytokines during and after upper abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 1992;77:426-31.
|
| 25. | Kim MH, Hahm TS. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 are affected by ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled morphine after abdominal hysterectomy. Clin J Pain 2001;17:72-7.
|
| 26. | Kuo CP, Jao SW, Chen KM, Wong CS, Yeh CC, Sheen MJ, et al. Comparison of the effects of thoracic epidural analgesia and i.v. infusion with lidocaine on cytokine response, postoperative pain and bowel function in patients undergoing colonic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2006;97:640-6.
|
| 27. | Volk T, Schenk M, Voigt K, Tohtz S, Putzier M, Kox WJ. Postoperative epidural anesthesia preserves lymphocyte, but not monocyte, immune function after major spine surgery. Anesth Analg 2004;98:1086-92.
|
| 28. | Beilin B, Shavit Y, Trabekin E, Mordashev B, Mayburd E, Zeidel A, et al. The effects of postoperative pain management on immune response to surgery. Anesth Analg 2003;97:822-7.
|
| 29. | Yokoyama M, Itano Y, Katayama H, Morimatsu H, Takeda Y, Takahashi T, et al. The effects of continuous epidural anesthesia and analgesia on stress response and immune function in patients undergoing radical esophagectomy. Anesth Analg 2005;101:1521-7.
|
| 30. | Hong JY, Lim KT. Effect of preemptive epidural analgesia on cytokine response and postoperative pain in laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008;33:44-51.
|
| 31. | Kawasaki T, Ogata M, Kawasaki C, Okamoto K, Sata T. Effects of epidural anaesthesia on surgical stress-induced immunosuppression during upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 2007;98:196-203.
|
| 32. | Ahlers O, Nachtigall I, Lenze J, Goldmann A, Schulte E, Höhne C, et al. Intraoperative thoracic epidural anaesthesia attenuates stress-induced immunosuppression in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 2008;101:781-7.
|
| 33. | Ahlers O, Hildebrandt B, Dieing A, Deja M, Böhnke T, Wust P, et al. Stress induced changes in lymphocyte subpopulations and associated cytokines during whole body hyperthermia of 41.8-42.2 degrees C. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;95:298-306.
|
| 34. | Gannon GA, Rhind S, Shek PN, Shephard RJ. Naive and memory T cell subsets are differentially mobilized during physical stress. Int J Sports Med 2002;23:223-9.
|
| 35. | Breznitz S, Ben-Zur H, Berzon Y, Weiss DW, Levitan G, Tarcic N, et al. Experimental induction and termination of acute psychological stress in human volunteers: Effects on immunological, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological parameters. Brain Behav Immun 1998;12:34-52.
|
| 36. | Marshall GD Jr, Agarwal SK, Lloyd C, Cohen L, Henninger EM, Morris GJ. Cytokine dysregulation associated with exam stress in healthy medical students. Brain Behav Immun 1998;12:297-30.
|
| 37. | Silvestre R, Cordeiro-Da-Silva A, Santarém N, Vergnes B, Sereno D, Ouaissi A. SIR2-deficient Leishmania infantum induces a defined IFN-gamma/IL-10 pattern that correlates with protection. J Immunol 2007;179:3161-70.
|
| 38. | Fensterl V, Sen GC. Interferons and viral infections. Biofactors 2009;35:14-20.
|
[Table 1], [Table 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Direct Cytotoxic and Indirect, Immune-Mediated Effects of Local Anesthetics Against Cancer |
|
| Alejandra Wu Chuang, Oliver Kepp, Guido Kroemer, Lucillia Bezu | | Frontiers in Oncology. 2022; 11 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Opioids and Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Systematic Review |
|
| Merlino Lucia, Titi Luca, Del Prete Federica, Galli Cecilia, Mandosi Chiara, De Marchis Laura, Della Rocca Carlo, Piccioni Maria Grazia | | Cancers. 2021; 13(21): 5499 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Analgesic and opioid sparing effects of preoperative thoracic paravertebral block: A double blind evaluation of 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline in patients scheduled for simple mastectomy |
|
| NnaemekaUgonna Okoye, AdetinuweA Majekodunmi, IniabasiU Ilori | | Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2021; 28(2): 102 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation versus general anaesthesia for women undergoing breast cancer surgery |
|
| Anjolie Chhabra, Apala Roy Chowdhury, Hemanshu Prabhakar, Rajeshwari Subramaniam, Mahesh Kumar Arora, Anurag Srivastava, Mani Kalaivani | | Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021; 2021(2) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Effectiveness of ESPITO analgesia in enhancing recovery in patients undergoing open radical cystectomy when compared to a contemporaneous cohort receiving standard analgesia: an observational study |
|
| G. Niraj, Zubair Tariq, Ashani Ratnayake, Benjamin. L Jackson, Mehar Ahson, Yehia Kamel, Vipul Kaushik | | Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2021; 21(2): 339 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
In response to: Comparison of paravertebral and interpleural block in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy |
|
| Souvik Maitra, DalimKumar Baidya, Sulagna Bhattacharjee | | Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2017; 33(1): 131 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Preperitoneal Continuous Infusion of Local Anesthetics: What Is the Impact on Surgical Wound Infections in Humans? |
|
| Claudia Claroni,Maria Elena Marcelli,Maria Carla Sofra,Marco Covotta,Giulia Torregiani,Diana Giannarelli,Ester Forastiere | | Pain Medicine. 2016; : pme12872 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Effect of anaesthetic technique on the natural killer cell anti-tumour activity of serum from women undergoing breast cancer surgery: a pilot study |
|
| A. Buckley, S. McQuaid, P. Johnson, D.J. Buggy | | British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2014; 113: i56 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
| |
|
Search Pubmed for